L’ús de la veu passiva en anglès és menys freqüent a l’hora de parlar. Solem utilitzar la veu activa, on és l’objecte qui rep l’acció del verb. És més natural, més precís i en general més curt. En la veu activa, l’objecte rep l’acció del verb.
En la veu passiva, el subjecte és qui rep l’acció del verb (i no l’objecte):
- activa: el subjecte realitza l’acció.
- passiva: el subjecte rep l’acció.
Mira com a l’exemple que et mostrem a continuació l’objecte de la veu activa passa a convertir-se en el subjecte de la veu passiva:
- activa: “Cervantes wrote Don Quijote”.
- passiva: “Don Quijote was written by Cervantes”.
Com construïm la veu passiva en anglès?
subjecte + verb auxiliar (be) + verb principal (past participle) + [by + agent]
Per posar el verb auxiliar be en el temps verbal correcte en la forma passiva, és molt útil pensar en l’oració activa amb el mateix significat:
Someone stole my jacket! (stole = past simple) = My jacket was stolen! (was = past simple).
L’auxiliar be es pot conjugar en tots els temps verbals. El verb principal sempre és en el participi passat. Utilitzem by si volem dir qui o què fa l’acció del verb principal, però a vegades utilitzem altres preposicions com with, for, of i as, depenent del significat:
- Many gadgets are developed with the help of 3D printers.
- This coat was made for me personally.
- Is this made of wool?
- She is known as a very creative architect.
Sovint, eliminem l’objecte (the agentless passive).
- Somebody killed him with a knife
- He was killed (by somebody) with a gun
L’ús de la veu passiva en anglès
Quan i per què utilitzem la veu passiva?
Existeixen poques ocasiones on la veu passiva és útil, generalment la decisió té a veure amb qui fa o rep l’acció. Per exemple, utilizem la veu passiva quan:
Volem emfatitzar qui rep l’acció
- Kennedy was killed by Lee Harvey Oswald.
- Lee Harvey Oswald killed Kennedy.
No sabem qui fa l’acció (agent):
- My mobile has been stolen.
- Somebody has stolen my mobile.
Considerem que l’agent no és important o interessant
- Our roof is being repaired.
- Local builders are repairing our roof.
L’agent és obvi:
- I am paid at the end of each month.
- My company pays me at the end of each month.
Realitzem declaracions o anuncis:
- Passengers are reminded to fasten their seatbelts for take-off
- The flight assistant reminds passengers to fasten their seatbelts.
L’agent som tots:
- The police can be called by dialling 999.
- The public can call the police by dialling 999.
Escribim textos acadèmics formals (científics, tecnològics…):
- This practice is discussed in a section later in this paper.
- We discuss this practice in a section later in this paper.
Volem evitar la responsabilitat de les nostres accions (molt comú en informes governamentals):
- Mistakes were made and our reaction to events was slow.
- The Prime Minister made mistakes and didn’t react quickly enough.
El passiu amb get
També es pot construir el passiu, encara que de manera informal, utilitzant get + past participle. Per a exàmens oficials i per a un anglès formal utilitza el be-passive.
Per exemple:
- Actiu: “Barça beat Madrid at football.”
- Passiu: “Madrid were beaten by Barça.” (be-passive)
- Passiu: “Madrid got beaten by Barça.” (get-passive)
Formes passives
La veu passiva en anglès no és un temps verbal en si mateix. Però per als verbs transitius cada temps verbal, així com l’infinitiu i el participi, pot transformar-se en veu passiva. Alguns dels temps verbals més complicats (bàsicament el perfect continuous) poques vegades s’utilitza en veu passiva, però seria possible.
Exemples d’actius i passius
La següent taula mostra oracions amb exemples en veu activa i passiva per als temps bàsics, així com altres formes verbals, inclosos infinitius i participis.
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Formar oracions passives amb formes verbals més complexes (com el present i past perfect continuous) és molt extrany i antinatural en anglès. Aconsellem reformular l’oració per evitar crear una oració tan incòmoda.
- I have been being kicked off social media platforms after criticising the government.
- I had been being kicked off social media platforms after criticising the government.
- She’ll have been being teaching here for ten months.
Si necessites fer l’oració amb aquestes formes verbals, sovint utilitzem get-passive per evitar la combinació antinatural de been being. Utilitza get en el present & past perfect progressive (has been getting, have been getting) i després la forma perfecta del verb principal.
- I have been getting kicked off social media platforms for criticising the government.
- I had been getting kicked off social media platforms for criticising the government.
active | passive | |
---|---|---|
present simpe | How does one spell that word? | How is that word spelt? |
present continuous | Julie is messaging Dave. | Dave‘s being messaged by Julie. |
present perfect | The waiter has served lunch. | Lunch has been served. |
past simple | They didn’t fix my phone yesterday. | My phone wasn’t fixed yesterday. |
past continuous | They were arresting him when I arrived. | He was being arrested when I called. |
past perfect | I wondered why they hadn’t invited me. | I wondered why I hadn’t been invited. |
future simple | They will sack him tomorrow. | He will be sacked tomorrows. |
future continuous | They won’t be starting the party until you get there. | The party won’t be being starting until you get there. |
future perfect | They will have repaired your roof by March. | Your roof will have been repaired by March. |
infinitive | I dont want anyone to call me. | I don’t want to be called. |
perfect infinitive | It appears they have taken it. | It appears to have been taken. |
participle | I saw the dog chewing it. | I saw it being chewed by the dog. |
gerund | I insisted on them paying me. | I insisted on being paid. |
going to | Is he going dance flamenco at the party? | Is flamenco going to be danced at the party? |
used to | Felicity used to look after everything. | Everything used to be looked after by Felicity. |
can | They can keep him all night. | He can be kept all night. |
could | It could have badly injured you. | You could have been badly injured. |
may | They may reveal the victim’s name. | The victim’s name may be revealed. |
might | Somebody might like it. | It might be liked. |
must | Passengers must wear seat belts. | Seat belts must be worn. |
should | You should have told me. | I should have been told. |
ought to | They ought to pay for it. | It ought to be paid for. |
Esperem que aquesta guia de la veu passiva en anglès et sigui útil. Al nostre curs d’anglès online treballem la gramàtica sense que t’adonis, ja que seguim la metodologia Learn by doing. Encara que sempre podràs revisar-la!